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Although eight species names are available for the Southeast Asian genus Paralaubuca, and four names currently are in use, morphological and molecular data support recognition of only three names as valid, P. typus Bleeker, 1864, P. harmandi Sauvage, 1883, and P. barroni Fowler, 1934. Paralaubuca harmandi is easily distinguished from P. typus and P. barroni by having more lateral-line scales (70–87 vs. 51–68), fewer branched anal-fin rays (usually 22–24 vs. usually 24–28), and more scales around the caudal peduncle (usually 26–33 vs. usually 20–26). Paralaubuca typus and P. barroni are morphologically similar but can be separated consistently by number of rakers on the first gill arch, with P. typus having 31–51, and P. barroni having 22–29. Paralaubuca harmandi and P. typus are also separated by a COI genetic p-distance of 6.86–8.79%; molecular data are not available for P. barroni. Paralaubuca typus and P. harmandi have been recorded from the Chao Phraya, Mekong, and Mae Klong River basins, but both species appear now to be absent from the Mae Klong basin, not having been recorded there since 1966. Paralaubuca harmandi appears to be extremely rare in the Mekong River basin, where it has been documented at only two localities and not recorded since 1968. Paralaubuca barroni is found only in the Mekong River basin and documented at only three localities.  

Garra panitvongi, new species, is described from the Ataran River drainage, Salween River basin, of southeastern Myanmar and western Thailand. It is the sixth species of Garra known from the Salween River basin and is readily distinguished from all congeners by the red-orange color of the body and caudal fin, and a pointed proboscis with a blue stripe on each side from the anterior margin of the orbit to the tip of the proboscis and with the stripes forming a V-shape. Garra panitvongi is known in the aquarium trade as the Redtail Garra. Descriptive information is provided on poorly known species of Garra in the Salween River basin, and Garra nujiangensis is transferred to Ageneiogarra.  

Abstract The taxonomy of theParachela–Oxygaster–Macrochirichthysclade of Xenocyprididae has been confused since the original descriptions ofParachela oxygastroidesandParachela hypophthalmusin the mid‐19th century. The confusion seems attributable to the substantial intraspecific variation in color and other morphological characteristics of species ofOxygasterandParachela. Morphological data on 401 specimens from throughout the range ofParachelaand molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that six available species names forParachelaare valid:Parachela cyanea,P. hypophthalmus,Parachela ingerkongi,Parachela johorensis(removed from the synonymy ofP. oxygastroides),P. oxygastroides, andParachela williaminae. In addition, two new species ofParachela,Parachela melanostictaandParachela microlepis, are described.Chela pointoniis a synonym ofP. oxygastroides, not a valid species ofOxygasteras previously hypothesized, andParachela maculicaudais a synonym ofParachela johorensis. Considerable morphological and genetic variation is present in all well‐sampled species ofParachela.